Что такое flax fibers
flax-fibre
Смотреть что такое «flax-fibre» в других словарях:
flax-bush — flaxˈ bush or flax lilˈy noun A New Zealand plant (genus Phormium) of the lily family, yielding a valuable fibre, New Zealand flax • • • Main Entry: ↑flax … Useful english dictionary
flax-lily — flaxˈ bush or flax lilˈy noun A New Zealand plant (genus Phormium) of the lily family, yielding a valuable fibre, New Zealand flax • • • Main Entry: ↑flax … Useful english dictionary
flax — ► NOUN 1) a blue flowered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed (linseed) and for textile fibre made from its stalks. 2) textile fibre obtained from this plant. ORIGIN Old English … English terms dictionary
flax — /flaks/, n. 1. any plant of the genus Linum, esp. L. usitatissimum, a slender, erect, annual plant having narrow, lance shaped leaves and blue flowers, cultivated for its fiber and seeds. 2. the fiber of this plant, manufactured into linen yarn… … Universalium
Fibre — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Flax — For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). Flax Flax plant Scientific classification Kingdom … Wikipedia
flax — n. 1 a a blue flowered plant, Linum usitatissimum, cultivated for its textile fibre and its seeds (see LINSEED). b a plant resembling this. 2 a dressed or undressed flax fibres. b archaic linen, cloth of flax. Phrases and idioms: flax lily (pl.… … Useful english dictionary
flax — /flæks / (say flaks) noun 1. any plant of the genus Linum, especially L. usitatissimum, a slender, erect annual plant with narrow, lance shaped leaves and blue flowers, much cultivated for its fibre and seeds. 2. the fibre of this plant,… … Australian-English dictionary
fibre, man-made — Introduction fibre whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. Man made fibres are spun and woven into a huge number of consumer and industrial products, including… … Universalium
flax — noun 1》 a blue flowered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed (linseed) and for textile fibre made from its stalks. [Linum usitatissimum.] ↘textile fibre obtained from flax. 2》 another term for New Zealand flax. Origin OE flæx, of… … English new terms dictionary
fibre flax — pluoštiniai linai statusas Aprobuotas sritis linininkystė apibrėžtis Kultūrinių linų veislės, auginamos pluoštui ir sėmenims gauti. atitikmenys: angl. fibre flax; long fiber flax vok. Flachsfaser, f; Leinen faser, f; Leinfaser, f rus. лион… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
flax fiber
Смотреть что такое «flax fiber» в других словарях:
short flax fiber — trumpasis linų pluoštas statusas Aprobuotas sritis linininkystė apibrėžtis Pluoštas, gaunamas bent iš dalies atskyrus pluoštą nuo stiebelio medienos. atitikmenys: angl. short flax fiber vok. lange Flachsfasern rus. короткое волокно pranc. fibres… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
long flax fiber — ilgasis linų pluoštas statusas Aprobuotas sritis linininkystė apibrėžtis Apie 50 cm ilgio pluoštas, gaunamas nubraukus pluoštą nuo stiebelio medienos, lygiagrečiomis gijomis sudėliotas į ryšulius, klodus arba sruogas. atitikmenys: angl. long flax … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
Flax — For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). Flax Flax plant Scientific classification Kingdom … Wikipedia
fiber flax — sėjamasis linas statusas T sritis augalininkystė apibrėžtis Vienastiebis pluoštinis augalas, šakojasi tik viršūnėje. Stiebelyje yra 20 – 30 % pluošto. Vaisius – penkializdė apskrita dėžutė. Joje yra dešimt skyrių, kuriuose išauga po vieną sėklą… … Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos ir sėklininkystės terminų žodynas
fiber plant — noun : a plant yielding a useful fiber (as hemp, flax) * * * fiber plant, any plant which produces a fiber of commercial value, such as cotton, hemp, or straw … Useful english dictionary
FLAX — (Heb. פִּשְׁתָּה, pishtah, in the Bible; פִּשְׁתָּן, pishtan, in talmudic literature), plant cultivated in Ereẓ Israel. It is mentioned only once in the Bible. The stalks of flax mentioned in Joshua 2:6 are undressed flax fibers. Evidence of… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Fiber — Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread, or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Fiber gun — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Fiber plants — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
flax fibre
1 flax-fibre
2 flax fibre
3 flax-fibre
4 flax fibre
5 flax-fibre
6 flax fibre
7 flax-fibre
8 flax fibre
9 flax fibre
10 flax-like fibre
См. также в других словарях:
flax-bush — flaxˈ bush or flax lilˈy noun A New Zealand plant (genus Phormium) of the lily family, yielding a valuable fibre, New Zealand flax • • • Main Entry: ↑flax … Useful english dictionary
flax-lily — flaxˈ bush or flax lilˈy noun A New Zealand plant (genus Phormium) of the lily family, yielding a valuable fibre, New Zealand flax • • • Main Entry: ↑flax … Useful english dictionary
flax — ► NOUN 1) a blue flowered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed (linseed) and for textile fibre made from its stalks. 2) textile fibre obtained from this plant. ORIGIN Old English … English terms dictionary
flax — /flaks/, n. 1. any plant of the genus Linum, esp. L. usitatissimum, a slender, erect, annual plant having narrow, lance shaped leaves and blue flowers, cultivated for its fiber and seeds. 2. the fiber of this plant, manufactured into linen yarn… … Universalium
Fibre — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Flax — For other uses, see Flax (disambiguation). Flax Flax plant Scientific classification Kingdom … Wikipedia
flax — n. 1 a a blue flowered plant, Linum usitatissimum, cultivated for its textile fibre and its seeds (see LINSEED). b a plant resembling this. 2 a dressed or undressed flax fibres. b archaic linen, cloth of flax. Phrases and idioms: flax lily (pl.… … Useful english dictionary
flax — /flæks / (say flaks) noun 1. any plant of the genus Linum, especially L. usitatissimum, a slender, erect annual plant with narrow, lance shaped leaves and blue flowers, much cultivated for its fibre and seeds. 2. the fibre of this plant,… … Australian-English dictionary
fibre, man-made — Introduction fibre whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. Man made fibres are spun and woven into a huge number of consumer and industrial products, including… … Universalium
flax — noun 1》 a blue flowered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed (linseed) and for textile fibre made from its stalks. [Linum usitatissimum.] ↘textile fibre obtained from flax. 2》 another term for New Zealand flax. Origin OE flæx, of… … English new terms dictionary
fibre flax — pluoštiniai linai statusas Aprobuotas sritis linininkystė apibrėžtis Kultūrinių linų veislės, auginamos pluoštui ir sėmenims gauti. atitikmenys: angl. fibre flax; long fiber flax vok. Flachsfaser, f; Leinen faser, f; Leinfaser, f rus. лион… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
Flax Fiber
The flax fibers are woven in a special twill weave that allows the textile to be draped into the desired 3-D shapes.
Related terms:
Natural fibers and their composites
Flax fiber is extracted from the bast or skin of the stem of flax plant. Flax fibers are arranged in the form of thin filaments, grouped in longitudinal slender bundles distributed circularly around a central wooden cylinder. These bundles are fully embedded into an intermediary holding tissue binding them outwardly to the protective outer skin and inwardly to the inner supporting wooden cylinder. The holding tissue is made up entirely of dynamic cells, having semi-permeable membranes. The wooden cylinder, the fibers and the outer skin, in contrast, are totally made up of fixed static cells, having normal permeable membranes. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous and flexible, stronger than cotton fiber but less elastic. The extraction of the fiber occurs in three stages. First the cortex or bark is removed (decortication). The cortex is then scraped to remove most of the outer bark, the parenchyma in the bast layer and some of the gums and pectins. Finally, the residual cortex material is washed, dried and degummed to extract the spinnable fiber. 10 The best grades of flax are used for linen fabrics such as damasks, lace and sheeting. Coarser grades are used for the manufacture of twine and rope. Flax fiber is also a raw material for the high quality paper industry for use in printed banknotes and rolling paper for cigarettes.
Natural fibers and their composites
1.2.2.4 Flax
Sustainable production of bast fibres
3.2.1 Flax
Flax fibre comes under the category of bast fibre ( Fig. 3.1 ) and is extracted from the plant of the linseed/flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.). This plant is popular for two reason: one is flax fibre and another is linseed oil (used for industrial applications) extracted from the seed of the plant ( Basu and Dutta, 2014 ). According to historical records, the earliest example of preserved linen appears to be a needle-netted linen headpiece from Nahal Hemar Cave in Israel 8500 years ago, and Swiss Lake Dwellers used a native flax to make cloth 5000–6000 years ago. It was also found that ancient Egyptians used clothing, bed linen, and shrouds for mummies and for ships’ sails prepared mainly from linen in those days. The earliest Egyptian linen cloth dates from the Old Kingdom, but flax appears to be have been grown for linen about 5000 years ago in the Early Dynastic period ( Debnath, 2016 ). Sharma et al. (1999) described and compared different retting methods of flax fibre, including water, dew and enzyme-retted, on physical chemical and thermal properties of flax fibre. As far as fashion industry is concerned, flax and its blend with other fibres (natural/man-made) is popular, and hence flax-based fashion will be discussed.
In today’s scenario, when we talk about flax fibre it is well-known in the textile industry as a linen fashion as well as formal apparel for men and women. There are many leading manufacturers of these linen-based products in the world. Different blended linen products ( Basu and Dutta, 2014; Basu et al., 2006; Basu and Roy, 2008 ) are linen-cotton (warp cotton, weft linen; and warp cotton, weft cotton-linen blended yarn), linen-based-cotton (warp cotton, weft linen-jute or linen-ramie or linen-pineapple or linen-silk waste, etc.), linen-synthetic (warp polyester/cotton blended or polyester/viscose blended, weft linen or linen-jute or linen-cotton, etc.), and so forth. Apart from these is a huge variety from which to develop many other blended materials from linen. Elite men and women currently prefer linen-based apparel mainly for comfort in addition to its aesthetic look. Linen fibre material can absorb moisture quickly from body perspiration, which provides coolness and comfort in humid conditions when such clothes are worn. As far as the properties of the fibre are concerned, linen fibre material swells and improves in strength under wet conditions. This is why linen/flax spinning is normally preferred to be done under wet rather than dry conditions. As far as the international market is concerned, a lot of pure/blended linen products are available, such as ramie-linen tunic tops for women for casual wear, linen blend trousers (50% viscose, 35% cotton, and 15% linen; white: 65% viscose, 25% cotton, and 10% linen) by Joanna Hope, linen mix trousers and shorts (55% linen and 45% cotton) by Southbay, a single-breasted linen mix blazer (55% linen and 45% cotton; lining: polyester) by Williams and Brown, lightweight fabric that will keep you cool but stylish in warm weather (54% cotton and 46% linen) by Black Level Jacamo, linen mix three-quarters pants (55% linen and 45% cotton) by Southbay, a ladies fashion linen bow decor straw braid summer sun hat (100% linen), a linen summer women’s wide-brim church wedding/sea beach sun hat (100% linen) by Kentucky Derby, a ladies pleated crisscross fashion sexy linen dress, a women’s white linen dress (100% linen), a female slim short jacket blazer/linen blazer/ladies coat, ladies thong linen underwear/briefs (85% linen, 12% nylon, and 3% spandex), women’s linen shorts (85% linen and 15% nylon), and so on. All of this shows that a good fashion market exists internationally ( Debnath, 2016 ). Apart from these apparel applications, flax fibre has wide potential in the area of industry in the form of nonwovens ( Maity et al., 2014 ). Optimum blending of flax and polyester fibre to make needle-punched nonwoven fabric can replace currently used 100% synthetic nonwovens in geotextile applications ( Rawal and Anandjiwala, 2007 ). In these geotextiles there is another area where the quantum added value of this flax fibre is possible. Research by Alimuzzaman et al. (2014) disclosed that the biodegradability of nonwoven flax fibre reinforced polylactic acid biocomposites. Because flax is a strong fibre it can be used in composites ( Xue et al., 2011 ) as flax nonwoven mats through a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding method. Many researchers are working on using flax fibre as a reinforcing material in the form of nonwoven mats ( Fortea-Verdejo et al., 2016 ) and as a natural/synthetic resin to develop biodegradable composites ( Nechwatal et al., 2003; Alimuzzaman et al., 2014 ), for sustainable composites in the near future.
Fibers
Flax and ramie
Flax fiber is obtained from the inner bark of the stem of a plant grown in temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It is a natural, cellulosic, multi-cellular bast fiber. Flax fiber is 10–100 cm in length. Its diameter varies from 40 to 80 μm. Flax is stronger than cotton as its polymers lie almost parallel to the fiber axis. Flax is one of the oldest textile fibers. Fabric made from flax is called linen. Remnants of linen were found among the remains of the Swiss Lake Dwellers, who lived in 8000 BC; linen mummy cloths more than 3000 years old have been found in Egyptian tombs. Actually, the linen industry flourished in Europe until the 18th century. However, with the invention of power spinning, cotton replaced flax as the most important and widely-used fiber. Today, flax is a prestige fiber as a result of its limited production and relatively high cost. Apparel made of linen is usually designed for warm weather use, high fashion aspects, or professional wear.
Ramie is another common bast fiber. It has been used for several thousand years in China. The ramie plant is a tall perennial shrub from the nettle family that requires a hot, humid climate for growth. It grows primarily in China, the Philippines, and Brazil. Ramie fiber is longer than 150 cm. It is a coarse fiber with a fiber size of 4.6–6.4 denier. Ramie fiber is used in a wide variety of apparel items: sweaters, shirts, blouses, and suits. It is often in blends, particularly with cotton or wool.
Tensile properties of flax fibers
8.5 Conclusion
Flax fibers are mainly used in the textile industry, but the composite materials industry is a new and growing outlet. Flax is grown in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, China, and Egypt. The main production area is Western Europe, and particularly in France. In this country, cultivated area has increased since 2013, because demand exists and prices are attractive to the farmer. Apart from the economic aspects, the interest in this plant is explained by the available fiber volumes, the existence of a complete innovation chain (for example, new varieties arrive each year on the market), length of the elementary fibers, and their good mechanical properties. This latter characteristic can be explained by their structural function and the long slender shape of the plant (ratio of the height of the stem to its diameter). Fiber bundles are distributed outside the stem, which ensure the resistance to loading and bending. Current knowledge allows a better understanding of the influence of numerous parameters (from the influence of growth conditions, retting, and fiber extraction) on the fiber properties and better control of their production.
For polymer reinforcement, specific standards now exist, their aim is to take account of the nonlinearity behavior in tension of the fibers. This use is justified, amongst other things, by flax fibers being renewable, their good mechanical properties combined with a low specific gravity (d = 1.5), the reduction of environmental impacts (to be demonstrated by a life cycle analysis), different end-of-life solutions (recycling but also by biodegradation with a judicious choice of the matrix), the possibility of giving a natural finish to an object and during the transformation phase a reduction in the impact on human health. The use of flax fibers as reinforcements requires taking into account their specificities such as the length of the single fibers of between 5 and 80 mm, their high anisotropy linked to their microstructure, and their sensitivity during the transformation phase to the thermal cycle (two relevant parameters: temperature and exposure time).
This chapter does not pretend to be complete and many scientific works are still to be carried out. The development of agro-based composites is relatively new and some properties are still to be studied, amongst other things, on industrial materials. The opening of new markets allows a structuring of the actors involved to answer the demands of textile industries including composite materials and the development of semifinished products (textile preforms, for example).
High Performance Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications
2.4 Natural Fillers
HURRICANE-RESISTANT HOUSES FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND NATURAL FIBERS
13.8.2 FURNITURE APPLICATION
Natural resin and flax fiber mats were used to manufacture a chair at the CCM laboratory using the VARTM process. A mold designed by graduate students at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia was made out of solid material to assemble the chair shape and the fiber was laid-up and bagged for vacuum infusion. Figure 13.20 shows a picture of the finished chair after it was attached to a metal frame. This process could also be used to replace wood fiber in MDF materials used for making desks, tables, and other furniture.
Nonwood bio-based materials
3.2.4 Other applications of flax fibres
Many of the technologies developed for automotive applications can be used to make consumer products from flax fibre composites ( Clemons, 2002 ). It is possible to use compression moulding, injection moulding, simple hand lay-ups or hybrid technologies to produce consumer goods. Such products include furniture (chair backs or seats), sporting goods and- recreational products, luggage, musical instruments and sound reinforcement gear; in the future, more innovative products may result.
In many applications using glass fibre, flax may prove to be an efficient substitute.
Biodegradable materials for nonwovens
3.4.3 Wetlaid disposable nonwovens with flax fibre
The use of bleached elementary flax fibre in modern disposable nonwoven products was recently studied by van Roekel et al. 8 Due to the long elementary fibre length and high cellulose content of flax bast fibres, they are an excellent substitution for synthetic fibres in disposable nonwovens. Wetlaid nonwoven sheets were produced and spunlaced on a pilot unit, however, further improvements are reported to be needed for the process. Usually, wetlaid disposable nonwovens are manufactured on Fourdrinier type paper machines, stock preparation and the headbox are modified to long fibres, and surfactants are applied to help disperse the long fibres in the primary water cycle. The machine for wet-laying flax nonwovens needs to be fast rewetting, have easy dispersion in the existing stock preparation system, and homogeneous formation. Various blends of 18 mm cut flax and PET fibre, supplemented with fluff pulp fillers, were produced; no finishing was applied for the flax fibre for the process. A 1.5 m wide, 80 g m −2 web at about 100 m min −1 was formed. It was observed that the strength properties of the web disappear completely with the increase of flax content. When extrapolated to 40% flax content, strength can be fully attributed to the fluff pulp, and the strength of the web is not improved by adding more flax. Since the individual flax fibre has sufficient strength, the absence of tensile strength in the web was believed to be from the poor formation and bonding properties of the web. Therefore, further improvement of the wet-laid process is needed either by using shorter flax fibre or applying finish to flax fibre to improve its dispersion.
Yarns: Production, processability and properties
Flax fibre
The bulk of the flax fibre bundles are interconnected and form a network from root to tip, but the majority of forks are in the form of an upright ‘Y’ when the plant is standing. For this reason, a short section of the root end is processed first in both hackling and scutching, allowing the remaining length to be processed towards the tip, thereby minimizing the breakage of the bundles. 26 About one third of the stem is fibre, and the rest is made up of the woody core and the outer bark. The seeds are usually mechanically removed from the head of the plant before retting.
fiber flax
Смотреть что такое «fiber flax» в других словарях:
fiber flax — sėjamasis linas statusas T sritis augalininkystė apibrėžtis Vienastiebis pluoštinis augalas, šakojasi tik viršūnėje. Stiebelyje yra 20 – 30 % pluošto. Vaisius – penkializdė apskrita dėžutė. Joje yra dešimt skyrių, kuriuose išauga po vieną sėklą… … Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos ir sėklininkystės terminų žodynas
long fiber flax — pluoštiniai linai statusas Aprobuotas sritis linininkystė apibrėžtis Kultūrinių linų veislės, auginamos pluoštui ir sėmenims gauti. atitikmenys: angl. fibre flax; long fiber flax vok. Flachsfaser, f; Leinen faser, f; Leinfaser, f rus. лион… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
flax straw — noun 1. : the whole flax plant after pulling and drying 2. : the fiber flax retted and broken but not scutched … Useful english dictionary
FLAX — (Heb. פִּשְׁתָּה, pishtah, in the Bible; פִּשְׁתָּן, pishtan, in talmudic literature), plant cultivated in Ereẓ Israel. It is mentioned only once in the Bible. The stalks of flax mentioned in Joshua 2:6 are undressed flax fibers. Evidence of… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Fiber — Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread, or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Fiber gun — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Fiber plants — Fiber Fi ber, Fibre Fi bre,, n. [F. fibre, L. fibra.] 1. One of the delicate, threadlike portions of which the tissues of plants and animals are in part constituted; as, the fiber of flax or of muscle. [1913 Webster] 2. Any fine, slender thread,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English