Что такое дискриминация на английском сочинение
Essay on Discrimination: Effects of Discrimination
During thousands years, every civilization on the planet had elements of discrimination. Obviously, modern society is no exception. Every time when European colonizers occupied somebody’s land, it led to formation of isolated social groups and peoples. Most extreme types of discrimination often developed into such horrible things as a genocide or slavery. In some countries, discrimination wasn’t enacted at the legislative level, while in other countries discrimination was legislated. This phenomenon was called Apartheid. Along with these extreme forms of discrimination, human civilization also invented other, relatively soft forms, which are often reflected in immigration laws, as well as in disenfranchisement. Often we can observe discrimination in hospitals and schools; discrimination is often presented in media and public opinions. Some ethnic groups suffer from discrimination more often, throughout the whole world’s history. Such groups are the Jews, and the Roma (also known as Gypsies).
The meaning of discrimination is often related to another term, which is “disturbing”. In the Oxford Dictionary, such a term is explained as anxiety, and distress, as well as other bad mental states caused by unfairness and irritation. Therefore, such a state is often caused by various types of discrimination, since it is nothing but an unfair treatment of somebody who belongs to a particular race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and so on. Usually the reason for such an unfair treatment is prejudice. Most people who suffer from discrimination feel frustration, and anger. It may often cause anger addressed to people who caused such an unpleasant emotional state. However, there are many consequences of discrimination for both victims and victimizers, so in this essay, we decided to consider common effects of discrimination.
First of all, discrimination is not a new problem. Almost all human societies throughout world’s history suffered from different forms of discrimination. Now this issue is actively discussed, since in every country, there is some type of discrimination, which certain groups of people suffer from. Every kind of discrimination is based on opinion that certain groups of people don’t have equal rights and opportunities with others. These groups may be determined by race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, and so on. Sometimes people confuse discrimination with other social problems, such as stereotypes, or prejudice. As long as human society exists, people were struggling with these things, and until now, there are a lot of people and even governments, who support discrimination. First of all, such social tendencies are based on stereotypes – rigid representations of a certain race or ethnic group. Usually people don’t try to understand whether or not this representation is true. In turn, stereotypes form prejudice. Prejudice is our judgment of a person based on stereotypes about his or her race, gender, and so on. Generally, these two things form a strong basis for discrimination. The only particular feature of discrimination is that it also includes unfair treatment. Within discrimination, people support certain actions against victims of prejudices and stereotypes. Generally, attitude forms a certain type of prejudice, and actions form discrimination.
A lot of people note that discrimination grows and expands. Given latest right-wing political tendencies all over the world, discrimination develops. Even in 2017, people often receive hate messages, get ridiculed, or suffer from the direct violence just because they are somewhat different from the majority. Every time we don’t really know somebody, and yet give him or her names, or make certain conclusions based on stereotypes, we support discrimination.
Causes and Effects of Discrimination
There are relatively more familiar types of discrimination, such as discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, race, disability or religion. These all are forms of direct discrimination. Another form of direct discrimination is sexual harassment. All these types of discrimination are direct actions against certain groups of people, based on prejudices or stereotypes. At the same time, there is also indirect discrimination, which is usually discussed not so wide and actively. Indirect discrimination includes such situations, where neutral positions or actions cause effects of discrimination. Along with these two major types of discrimination, we must mention institutional discrimination, which involves discriminatory practices, laws, and procedures within a certain company, social institution, or even country. Here we are talking about procedures that cause discriminatory consequences. A striking example of institutional discrimination is the South African Apartheid.
Discrimination rarely causes a certain single effect. Usually effects of discrimination multiply and each effect leads to several new consequences. Discrimination is often related to such thing as social distance. It’s always easier for people to judge those who are not related to their social group. The more far some group of people stands from the majority, the easier for the majority is to discriminate them.
Talking about causes of discrimination, we must highlight one thing that often forms discriminatory behavior among adults. Discrimination can be learned. Most people who support discrimination were raised by parents who support the same ideas. Teachers also may form discriminatory behavior of their students. Media often support discriminatory processes, since every time we talk about discrimination without doing anything to stop it, we also give it a certain level of social legitimacy. Since contact between different groups doesn’t help to fight discrimination, modern society often pays attention to social institutions, and education, in particular. Of course, implementing multicultural principles in education, we support diversity, and weaken discrimination. At the same time, immigration policies, special attention to civil rights, as well as quote hiring, form a strong basis against discrimination. Another important thing is relations between individuals, since true love and friendship between people from different groups is the best way to kill discrimination at the very beginning.
There are different political, psychological, social, and economic effects of discrimination. Victims of discrimination lose their self-confidence, they feel like outsiders. Such effects often become stronger due to political and economic discrimination. Inequality, ignorance and prejudices cause a lot of negative effects on many levels. Not only affects discrimination peace within a particular country, but also a world peace as well. This is a reason why many international organizations provide new instruments and laws, in order to stop discrimination worldwide. However, despite the fact that such organizations introduce new incentives, these incentives rarely are something more than just papers and agreements. Many countries ignore international instances, or accept such incentives only on paper.
We can see effects that discrimination causes on religion, race, and other specific groups of people. In USA, race discrimination still remains a hot issue, due to a number of illegal actions of police against black people. Populistic rhetoric of conservative politicians pushes racists to express their hate in public, promoting racism. There is also discrimination of the aborigines in Australia, since their culture is quite different from European culture. White majority don’t understand native people of Australia, creating distance between social groups. Another common type of discrimination is religious discrimination. In USA, this issue became a common topic for discussions after the introduction of Trump’s so-called Muslim ban. Islamic terrorists formed a common image of Muslims as terrorists and danger for civilized world. It is a stereotype which can lead to discriminatory immigration policy. Religious discrimination is dangerous to the world’s peace, since every religion has a lot of believers, so every time when rights of this group are violated somewhere on the planet, it may cause large-scale conflicts and wars.
According to studies, discrimination causes a direct effect on victim’s behavior. Moreover, different types of discrimination have a direct impact on a particular group, and an additional effect on other groups. For example, racial discrimination affects people suffered from ethnic discrimination, leading to depression and anxiety.
It takes a lot of time for victims of discrimination to cope with consequences. All victims need to fight against their fear, depression, and low self-esteem, searching for ways to survive within a society. Every victim faces the need to develop his or her own strategy of behavior. Some victims even try to ignore discrimination, and deny it. They claim that a certain incident was caused by other reasons, or they try to justify such discrimination, searching for the reason in their own behavior, look, words, etc. Another common strategy of victims is avoidance. People try to avoid or ignore situations that can cause discriminatory incidents with the highest probability. Obviously, such a practice cannot decrease the level of discrimination, since these people intentionally increase distance between them and majority, thus making it harder to integrate discriminated groups in the society. Obviously, world peace is impossible within such conditions. Discrimination divides and dissolves the society, creating an auspicious environment for wars.
Discrimination is a biggest challenge for modern societies. First of all, discrimination represents a threat to democracy, since latter is based on principles of equality. Discrimination is widely supported in societies based on strict hierarchy. Usually such societies build hierarchies based on religion, gender, or origin. Most of such societies support discrimination and promote it. In turn, Democracy represents efforts to build equal society, where equality is a basis of human rights. Of course, any kinds of discrimination are threats for such an idea.
Not only is discrimination a threat to the civilized society, but for its direct victims as well. Discrimination directly violates rights of a person, leading to a number of bad consequences. Such consequences may vary depending on the type of violence against this victim, alienation, psychological problems, exclusion, and so on.
First of all, discrimination is selfish. Our point is that discrimination is wrong, doesn’t matter which kind of discrimination it is. Discrimination is everywhere, in every country, and in every part of our everyday lives. There are many different causes of discrimination, and one of the most common causes is parents that always teach their kids to think the way they do. Parents who support racism, sexism, homophobia, raise their children and spread these dangerous diseases. First of all, parents shouldn’t teach their children hate, since hate always produces only more hate, which leads to discriminatory actions, conflicts, and wars. We already mentioned a lot of problems caused by discrimination. The only way to stop discrimination is to implement proper laws and protect human rights at the government level. In turn, the society must support victims of discrimination, helping them to cope with consequences, as well as to integrate in the society.
Сочинение на тему дискриминация на английском
10 вариантов
Our nowadays’ society is ruled by adults and it seems like the whole system works just for those who are older than twenty and younger than fifty. Ageism has become another form of discrimination, and although for most of us it does not seem as dreadful as, for instance, prejudice based on racial or gender differences, its silent existence spoils our life. It is a very complex problem and definitely not easy to overcome. It runs through the whole social system, and the first step to solving it should be a change in our own perception of age.
On the one hand, it seems quite easy to change one’s attitude to the problem of age. We all were at one point young and we all will be at one point old and retired. But on the other hand, this kind of age perception has been implemented in our minds for years, and all the laws and policies just contribute to this kind of negative attitude. Thus, for example, if we take a look at the elderly people in European countries, we will notice that most of them are quite positive about their life in general and some even think that their life has just started. However, in our country it is exactly the opposite – people perceive retirement as the end of their lives. And those who are under age are entirely dependent on their parents, lacking an opportunity to at least partially fend for themselves. And, moreover, employers tend to abuse the rights of teenage workers by paying them much less than adults.
In my opinion, the reason for such a difference is in the financial situation. So, the subsistence level for younger and older people is much lower than for adults, and employment opportunities are also quite scarce. These are the two problems which should be solved. First of all, the subsistence level should be made equal with that of adults, and, second of all, there should be changes in legislation: employers who refuse to hire a worker on the grounds of his/her age should be fined.
To conclude the above mentioned, I would like to emphasise that there are several steps to be taken in solution of the ageism problem: the younger and the older should be made equal in their rights with adults by law; they should be given more employment opportunities according to their professionalism but not the age. Finally and most importantly, our own attitude towards age should change.
Современным миром правят взрослые люди, и создается впечатление, что вся социальная система работает лишь для тех, кто старше двадцати и младшепятидесяти лет. Эйджизм стал одной из форм дискриминации, и хотя большинству из нас эта проблема не кажется столь существенной, по сравнению с расовыми и гендерными предрассудками, она во многом негативно влияет на нашу жизнь. Возрастная дискриминация представляет собой комплексную проблему, которую нелегко преодолеть. Она пронизывает всю социальную систему современного общества, и первым шагом к ее решению должно быть изменение нашего собственного отношения к возрасту.
С одной стороны, кажется, что совсем не сложно изменить свое восприятие проблемы возрастных предрассудков: все мы были когда-то молодыми, и все мы когда-нибудь состаримся и отправимся на пенсию. Но с другой стороны, подобное отношение взращивалось в нас в течение долгих лет, и законодательная система этому лишь способствует. Так, например, если посмотреть на пожилых людей в европейских странах, то мы заметим, что большинство из них достаточно позитивно смотрит в будущее и думает, что на пенсии жизнь только начинается. Вто время как в нашей стране, все совсем наоборот – люди воспринимают выход на пенсию как «начало конца». А те, кто еще не достиг совершеннолетнего возраста, полностью зависят от своих родителей, не имея возможности, хотя бы частично зарабатывать на жизнь. И более того, работодатели часто злоупотребляют правами своих несовершеннолетних работников, платя им намного меньше, чем взрослым.
По моему мнению, причина кроется в финансовой ситуации. Так, например, прожиточный минимум для подростков и пожилых людей меньше, чем для всех остальных возрастных категорий, и меньше возможности получить желаемую работу. Вот две проблемы, которые необходимо решать. Во-первых, уровень прожиточного минимума нужно сделать одинаковым для всех, а во-вторых, должны быть внесены поправки в законодательство о наказании штрафами работодателей, которые отказывают людям в работе.
В заключение вышесказанного, хотелось бы еще раз подчеркнуть, что в решении проблемы возрастной дискриминации существует несколько ступеней: люди пенсионного возраста и подростки должны быть уравнены в правах с представителями других возрастных категорий, работодатели должны предоставлять им рабочие места, основываясь на их профессиональных качествах, а не на возрасте, И кроме того, мы сами должны попытаться изменить наше отношение к проблеме возрастной дискриминации.
Copyright © Russian centres of City and Guilds, 2011-2012
Words
Aborigines = native population of Australia; the people who lived there before Europeans came
although = while
ANC = African National Congress = leading party of South Africa; it came to power in 1990 and has been fighting for the rights of Blacks in South Africa
ancient = old
attempt = try
attend = go to
attitude = feeling
barbaric = very cruel and uncivilized
capture = to catch a person and keep them as prisoners
Caucasian = a member of the race of people with white or pale skin
century = a hundred years
civilize = educate ; to make someone behave in a better way
decade = a period of ten years
discriminate against = to treat a person or a group of people differently and in an unfair way
environment = the world around you
features = characteristics, physical appearance
foreign = from another country
found – founded = start something new
free = release; here: not be a slave anymore
genocide = the murder of a whole race or group of people
government = the people who rule a country
hatred = hate
inferior = lower than, not as good
influence = power, strength
justify = to show a good reason that something is right
lead – led = cause
mental = in your mind, brain
minority = a small group of people within a much larger group
physical = about the body
prisoner = someone who is captured and taken somewhere
prove = to show that something is true
racist = a person who hates someone of a different race or religion
right wing = very conservative
scare = to make someone afraid
scientist = a person who works in a lab and is trained in science
segregation = when people of different groups are kept apart so that they can live and work separately
separate = their own
slave = a person who works for someone else without getting any money for it
slavery = the system of having slaves in a country
superiority= the situation of being better than others
supreme = the highest, best
throughout = in all of
For some people, [i] life success lies primarily in the family’s income. For others — something quite different. They are alien to money problems. They are passionate about their work and find peace of mind in completely different values. And it is also a kind of “life success.” In my view, it is enclosed in a set of moral satisfaction, peace of mind and physical well-being. Only with the combination of these benefits a person can feel happy and then his head free from everyday worries, he does not have to think about the “daily bread.” He has a desire to work, implement good ideas. And it’s not just a career, but personal happiness. A person who has your favorite job and is making progress or has admirers of his talent, without a home can not be fully satisfied with life. Only family well can make a person truly happy. Such people have a success in life is associated with warmth, positive energy, obtained in the family. But success in life at the same time as the tape: one lucky, others not. On the other hand, the man is the creator of his own happiness. Each must be persistence, patience, and most importantly — the desire to achieve something in life. Maybe with my point of view, many will disagree, perhaps, for their success in life — something completely different. But this one can be answered: “How many people, so many opinions.”
Racism has existed throughout human history. It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another — or the belief that another person is less than human — because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. It has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes.
Racism on the part of Western powers toward non-Westerners has had a far more significant impact on history than any other form of racism (such as racism among Western groups or among Easterners, such as Asians, Africans, and others). The most notorious example of racism by the West has been slavery, particularly the enslavement of Africans in the New World (slavery itself dates back thousands of years). This enslavement was accomplished because of the racist belief that Black Africans were less fully human than white Europeans and their descendants.
This belief was not “automatic”: that is, Africans were not originally considered inferior. When Portuguese sailors first explored Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries, they came upon empires and cities as advanced as their own, and they considered Africans to be serious rivals. Over time, though, as African civilizations failed to match the technological advances of Europe, and the major European powers began to plunder the continent and forcibly remove its inhabitants to work as slave laborers in new colonies across the Atlantic, Africans came to be seen as a deficient “species,” as “savages.” To an important extent, this view was necessary to justify the slave trade at a time when Western culture had begun to promote individual rights and human equality. The willingness of some Africans to sell other Africans to European slave traders also led to claims of savagery.
One important feature of racism, especially toward Blacks and immigrant groups, is clear in attitudes regarding slaves and slavery. Jews are usually seen by anti-Semites as subhuman but also superhuman: devilishly cunning, skilled, and powerful. Blacks and others are seen by racists as merely subhuman, more like beasts than men. If the focus of anti-Semitism is evil, the focus of racism is inferiority — directed toward those who have sometimes been considered to lack even the ability to be evil (though in the 20th century, especially, victims of racism are often considered morally degraded).
All of these arguments are based on a false understanding of race; in fact, contemporary scientists are not agreed on whether race is a valid way to classify people. Skin color, hair,facial shape – are not of much scientific significance.
Расизм существовал в течении всей истории человечества. Это может быть определено как ненависть к одному человеку другим – или вера, что другой человек – меньше чем человек – из-за цвета кожи, языка, таможни, места рождения или любого фактора, который возможно показывает основную природу того человека. Это влияло на войны, рабство, формирование наций, и юридические кодексы.
Расизм со стороны Западных держав к незападным жителям оказал намного более существенное влияние на историю чем любая другая форма расизма (такого как расизм среди Западных групп или среди Жителей Востока, таких как Выходцы из Азии, Африканцы, и другие). Самым печально известным примером расизма Запада было рабство, особенно порабощение Африканцев в Новом Мире (само рабство датируется тысячи лет). Это порабощение было достигнуто из-за расистской веры, что Черные Африканцы были менее наделены человеческими свойствами чем белые европейцы и их потомки.
Эта вера не была “автоматической”: то есть, Африканцев первоначально не считали низшими. Когда португальские моряки сначала исследовали Африку в 15-ых и 16-ых столетиях, они натолкнулись на империи и города столь же продвинутые как их собственное, и они полагали, что Африканцы были серьезными конкурентами. В течение долгого времени, тем не менее, поскольку африканские цивилизации были не в состоянии соответствовать технологическим авансам Европы, и главным европейским полномочиям, начал разграблять континент и насильственно удалять его жителей, чтобы работать как рабские чернорабочие в новых колониях через Атлантику, Африканцы приехали, чтобы быть замеченными как несовершенная “разновидность”, как “дикари”. До важной степени это представление было необходимо, чтобы оправдать работорговлю в то время, когда Западная культура начала продвигать индивидуальные права и человеческое равенство. Готовность некоторых Африканцев продать других Африканцев европейским рабским торговцам также привела к утверждению об их дикости.
Одна важная особенность расизма, особенно к Афроамериканцам и иммигрантским группам, ясна в отношениях относительно рабов и рабства. Евреи обычно замечаются антисемитами как существа неразумные но также и сверхчеловеческие: ужасно хитрые, умелые, и сильный. Афроамериканцы и другие замечены расистами как просто неразумный, больше как животные чем мужчины. Если центр антисемитизма является злость, центр расизма – неполноценность – направленный к тем, кто, как иногда полагали, испытывал недостаток даже в способности быть злым (хотя в 20-ом столетии, особенно, жертв расизма часто рассматривали как морально оскорбленными).
Все эти аргументы основаны на ложном понимании гонки; фактически, современные ученые не согласны, с тем что раса является действительным способом классифицировать людей.
Copyright © Russian centres of City and Guilds
Racism Essay, Research Paper
Racism
What is racism?
Racism is the mistreatment of a group of people on the basis of race, colour, and religion. The term racism may also mean a blind and pointless hatred, envy or prejudice.
Some expressions of racism are obvious, such as graffiti, intimidation or abuse.
Racial and ethnic slurs or “jokes” are other examples of obvious racial discrimination. But these are often ignored because people do not know how to deal with them.
Other expressions of racism are subtler, such as discrimination in offering jobs, letting flats and admission to clubs.
What is meant by discrimination? stereotype? prejudice?
DISCRIMINATION is the denial of equality based on personal characteristics, such as race and colour. Discrimination is usually based on prejudice and stereotypes.
STEREOTYPE means “set image”. When applied to people, stereotyping refers to forming an instant or fixed idea of a group of people, usually based on false or incomplete information. They are often negative.
PREJUDICE literally means to “prejudge” based on ideas that are formed without any knowledge about others. It is difficult to prevent prejudice attitudes.
What are the effects of racial discrimination?
Racism can leave people with their insides burnt out, with no self confidence and this makes them slip lower and lower down, until there is no where else to go, by no fault of their own. This can destroy families and whole communities.
If people are physically abused it can leave a mark not only on the outside but also on the inside, where it matters most.
What can be done to prevent racial discrimination in school?
? Refuse to listen or tell racist jokes and insults.
? Organise poster or essay competitions in school.
? Watch and discuss videos on discrimination and racism.
? Find out about human rights groups, and what they do to change peoples view.
? Develop a class policy against all forms of discrimination.
Conclusion
I personally think that racism is foolish. People should just take it that whatever colour your skin is or whatever background they come from people are still people. It?s not what?s on the inside that counts it?s what a person has inside. People can dislike someone because of their personality, but when it?s because of the colour of their skin it?s a different matter. It shows that they have nothing on the inside and because of their skin colour they think they are superior. Well I think they are wrong.
In mass media we often hear the word “racial discrimination”. It means the abuse of human rights of a group (or several groups) of population basing on the human race or nationality. Racial discrimination in different forms exists in different countries all over the world.
The very term first appeared in the middle of the XIX century, though the very discrimination existed for a long time. When people talk about the racial discrimination they mean the discrimination of Negroes in Colonial America, though it is not quite correct. The first discriminated group of people on the territory of America was the Indians – the native population which nowadays almost disappeared. Then Negroes were brought to the continent in the beginning of the XVII century to become slaves. Despite the fact, that slavery was abolished in the XIX century, Negroes remained a rightless group of population for a long time. Until the 1960s they could not study in schools with “white” children, could not use the same public transport and hospitals. There were special waiting areas for them. The courts rendered more severe sentences to the black people. This period of American history is reflected in many books and films. The situation started to change only in the second part of the XX century. Now any discrimination in the USA and in most civil countries is forbidden.
There is one more notion, which is connected with the term. The term “segregation” means the separation of several groups of population. It is a mistake to think that it existed only in the USA. The same situation took place in Europe, Arabian countries and Russia.
Now when in many countries there are special anti-segregation laws the term “positive segregation” is used. It means that the groups of population which used to be discriminated get some specific benefits to compensate the previous violation of their rights. Sometimes it is done alongside with the violation of other groups.
Nowadays racial segregation mostly exists in human minds. Most of people in Europe are afraid of immigrants from the Middle East. It creates tension in the society, bringing serious problems to people’s life.
В средствах массовой информации мы встречаемся с термином «расовая дискриминация». Это означает ущемление прав группы населения на основе их расы или национальности. Расовая дискриминация в различных формах существует в различных странах по всему миру.
Сам термин впервые появился в середине 19 века, хотя сама дискриминация существует длительное время. Когда люди говорят о расовой дискриминации, они обычно имеют в виду дискриминацию негров в колониальной Америке, хотя это не совсем верно. Первой дискриминированной группой на территории Америки были индейцы – коренное население, которое сейчас почти полностью уничтожено. Негры были завезены на континент в начале 17 века и стали рабами. Несмотря на то, что рабство было отменено ещ и середине 19 века, негры оставались бесправными длительное время. До 60-х они не могли учиться в школах с белыми детьми, не могли пользоваться одним с ними публичным транспортом и больницами. Для них существовали специальные зоны ожидания. Суды выносили неграм более жесткие приговоры. Этот период американской истории отражен во многих книгах и фильмах. Ситуация начала меняться только после 60-х годов 20 века. Сейчас дискриминация в США как и во многих других государствах запрещена.
Существует еще одно понятие, которое связано с этим термином. Термин «сегрегация» означает отделение некоторых групп населения. Ошибкой было бы считать, что это происходило только в США. Та же ситуация была в Европе, Арабских странах, России.
Сейчас, когда во многих странах приняты законы против сегрегации, появился термин «положительная сегрегация» Это означает, что группа населения, подвергавшаяся сегрегации, получает особые льготы, чтобы компенсировать предыдущее нарушение прав. Иногда это делается за счет других групп.
Сегодня расовая сегрегация существует в основном в сознании людей. Многие европейцы, например, боятся мигрантов с Ближнего Востока. Это создает напряженность в обществе, привнося серьезные проблемы в жизнь людей.